Jun 15, · Global $ Billion Workplace Services Market by End -user Outsourcing services Serviced apartment Bangalore best place to stay during business trip Danfoss Motor- Automotive Motor 5 System Other research investigates the dynamics of globally distributed work teams, the implications of contracting and outsourcing, human-robot interaction in the workplace, and evidence-based management. At the firm-level, research examines how entrepreneurial firms gain financing, build alliance networks, and grow Hazel Hall PhD 3 CHAPTER 2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge sharing and intranets. It introduces the framework for the case study that comprises the main focus of the research described in this thesis
Research Areas | Management Science and Engineering
Crowdsourcing is a sourcing model in which individuals or organizations obtain goods or servicesincluding ideas, voting, phd thesis outsourcing, micro-tasks and finances, from phd thesis outsourcing large, relatively open and often rapidly evolving group of participants.
As of [update]crowdsourcing typically involves using the internet to attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result. The word "crowdsourcing" itself - a portmanteau of " crowd " and " outsourcing " - was allegedly coined phd thesis outsourcing Major differences distinguish crowdsourcing from outsourcing. Crowdsourcing comes from a less-specific, more public group, whereas outsourcing is commissioned from a specific, named group, and includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes.
Some forms of crowdsourcing, such as in "idea phd thesis outsourcing or "innovation contests" provide ways for organizations to learn beyond the "base of minds" provided by their employees e.
LEGO Ideas. Amazon Mechanical Turk are another form of crowdsourcing. Not-for-profit organizations have used crowdsourcing to develop common goods e.
Crowdsourcing can play a role in democratization, phd thesis outsourcing. The term "crowdsourcing" was coined in by Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson, editors at Wiredto describe how businesses were using the Internet to "outsource work to the crowd", phd thesis outsourcing, [1] which quickly led to the portmanteau "crowdsourcing".
Howe first published a definition for the term crowdsourcing in a companion blog post to his June Wired article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing", which came out in print just days later: [16]. Simply defined, crowdsourcing represents the act of a company or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined and generally large network of people in the form of an open call.
This can take the form of peer-production when the job is performed collaborativelybut is also often undertaken by sole individuals, phd thesis outsourcing. The crucial prerequisite is the use of the open call format and the large network of potential laborers. In a 1 Februaryphd thesis outsourcing, Daren C.
Brabham, "the first [person] to publish scholarly research using the word crowdsourcing" and writer of the book Crowdsourcingdefined it as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model". Guth and Brabham found that the performance of ideas offered in crowdsourcing platforms are affected not only by their quality, but also by the communication among users about the ideas, and presentation in the platform itself.
After studying more than 40 definitions of crowdsourcing in the scientific and popular literature, Enrique Estellés-Arolas and Fernando González Ladrón-de-Guevara, researchers at the Technical University of Valencia, developed a new integrating definition: [4].
Crowdsourcing is a type of participative online activity in which an individual, an institution, a nonprofit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, phd thesis outsourcing, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task.
The user will receive the satisfaction of a given type of need, be it economic, social recognition, self-esteem, or the development of individual skills, while the crowdsourcer will obtain and use to their advantage that which the user has brought to the venture, phd thesis outsourcing, whose form will depend on the type of activity undertaken.
As mentioned by the definitions of Brabham and Estellés-Arolas and Ladrón-de-Guevara above, crowdsourcing in the modern conception is an IT-mediated phenomenon, meaning that a form of IT is always used to create and access crowds of people. Henk van Ess, a college lecturer in online communications, emphasizes the need to "give back" the crowdsourced results to the public on ethical grounds, phd thesis outsourcing.
His nonscientific, noncommercial definition is widely cited in the popular press: [22]. Crowdsourcing is channeling the experts' desire to solve a problem and then freely sharing the answer with everyone. Despite the multiplicity of definitions for crowdsourcing, one constant has been the broadcasting of problems to the public, and an open call for contributions to help solve the problem.
Members of the public submit solutions that are then owned by the entity, which originally broadcast the problem. In some cases, the contributor of the solution is compensated monetarily with prizes or with recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual satisfaction.
Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers working phd thesis outsourcing their spare time or from experts or small businesses, which were previously unknown to the initiating organization. Another consequence of the multiple definitions is the controversy surrounding what kinds of activities that may be considered crowdsourcing.
While the term "crowdsourcing" was popularized online phd thesis outsourcing describe Internet-based activities, [18] some examples of projects, in retrospect, can be described as crowdsourcing.
Crowdsourcing has often been used in the past as a competition to discover a solution. The French government proposed several of these competitions, often rewarded with Montyon Prizescreated for poor Frenchmen who had done virtuous acts. In response to a challenge from the French government, phd thesis outsourcing, Nicolas Appert won a prize for inventing a new way of food preservation that involved sealing food in air-tight jars.
During the Great Depression, out-of-work clerks tabulated higher mathematical functions in the Mathematical Tables Project as an outreach project.
Thousands of people sent in entries before the government zeroed in on the final symbol based on the Devanagari script using the letter Ra.
Crowdsourcing in astronomy was used in the early 19th century by astronomer Denison Olmsted. After being awakened in a late November night due to a meteor shower taking place, Olmsted noticed a pattern in the shooting stars. Olmsted wrote a brief report of this meteor shower in the local newspaper. Responses came pouring in from many states, along with scientists' observations sent to the American Journal of Science and Arts.
Also, they demonstrated that the showers appeared in yearly cycles, a fact that often eluded scientists. The responses allowed him to suggest a velocity for the meteors, although his estimate turned out to be too phd thesis outsourcing. If he had just taken the responses as presented, his conjecture on the meteors' velocity would have been closer to their actual speed. A more recent version of crowdsourcing in astronomy is NASA's photo organizing project, [43] which asks internet users to browse photos taken from space and try to identify the location the picture is documenting.
Energy system models require large and diverse datasetsincreasingly so given the trend towards greater temporal and spatial resolution. Launched in DecemberOpenEI is a collaborative websiterun by the US government, providing open energy data.
Enipedia went live in March Genealogical research was using crowdsourcing techniques long before personal computers were common. Beginning inmembers of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints encouraged members to submit information about their ancestors.
The submitted information was gathered together into a single collection. Into encourage more people to participate in gathering genealogical information about their ancestors, the church started the phd thesis outsourcing program. In this program, church members were asked to prepare documented family group record forms for the first three generations.
The program was later expanded to encourage members to research at least four generations and became known phd thesis outsourcing the four-generation program. Institutes that have records of interest to genealogical research have used crowds of volunteers to create catalogs and indices to records. Volunteered Geographic Information VGI is geographic information generated through Crowdsourcing, phd thesis outsourcing, as opposed to traditional methods of Professional Geographic Information PGI.
Many companies are introducing crowdsourcing to grow their engineering capabilities and find solutions to unsolved technical challenges and the need to adopt newest technologies such as 3D printingIOTphd thesis outsourcing. Genetic genealogy is a combination of traditional genealogy with genetics.
The rise of personal DNA testing, after the turn of the century, by companies such as Gene by GeneFTDNAGeneTree23andMeand Ancestry. comphd thesis outsourcing, has led to public and semipublic databases of DNA testing which uses crowdsourcing techniques.
In recent years, citizen science projects have become increasingly focused providing benefits to scientific research, phd thesis outsourcing.
Similar to amateur astronomycitizen scientists encouraged by volunteer organizations like the International Society of Genetic Genealogy[59] have provided valuable information and research phd thesis outsourcing the professional scientific community, phd thesis outsourcing. Spencer Wellsdirector of the Genographic Project blurb:. Sincethe Genographic Project, has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist.
Crowdsourcing is increasingly used in phd thesis outsourcing journalism. Journalists are able to crowdsource information from the crowd typically by fact checking the information, and then using the information they've gathered in their articles as they see fit. The leading daily newspaper in Sweden has successfully used crowdsourcing in investigating the home loan interest rates in the country in —, resulting to over 50, submissions. The bank executive was fired and policy changes followed.
The British newspaper the Guardian crowdsourced the examination of hundreds of thousands of documents phd thesis outsourcing Crowdsourcing strategies have been applied to estimate word knowledge, vocabulary size, and word origin.
Reddit conversations in various location-based subreddits were analyzed for the presence of grammatical forms unique to a regional dialect. These were then used to map the extent of the speaker population. The results could phd thesis outsourcing approximate large-scale surveys on the subject without engaging in field interviews.
Another early example of crowdsourcing occurred in the field of ornithology. On 25 DecemberFrank Chapman, an early officer of the National Audubon Societyinitiated a tradition, phd thesis outsourcing, dubbed the "Christmas Day Bird Census". The project called phd thesis outsourcing from across North America to count and record the number of birds in each species they witnessed on Christmas Day. The project was successful, and the records from 27 different contributors were compiled into one bird census, which tallied around 90 species of birds.
In the census, more than 70, individuals participated across 2, bird count circles. Crowdsourcing public policy and the production of public services is also referred to as citizen sourcing. While some scholars argue crowdsourcing is a policy tool [69] or a definite means of co-production [70] others question that and argue that crowdsourcing should be considered just as a technological enabler that simply can increase speed and ease of participation.
The first conference focusing on Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy took place at Oxford University, under the auspices of the Oxford Internet Institute in Research has emerged since [72] that focuses on the use of crowdsourcing for policy purposes. Governments across the world are increasingly using crowdsourcing for knowledge discovery and civic engagement.
Iceland crowdsourced their constitution reform process inand Finland has crowdsourced several law reform processes to address their off-road traffic laws. The Finnish government allowed citizens to go on an online forum to discuss problems and possible resolutions regarding some off-road traffic laws. The crowdsourced information and resolutions would then be passed on to legislators for them to refer to when making a decision, letting citizens more directly contribute to public policy, phd thesis outsourcing.
The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre EMSC has developed a seismic detection system by monitoring the traffic peaks on its website and by the analysis of keywords used on Twitter. Newspaper text correction at the National Library of Australia was an early, influential example of work with text transcriptions for crowdsourcing in cultural heritage institutions, phd thesis outsourcing.
museum project provided a prototype for tagging artworks. Currently, crowdsourcing has transferred mainly to phd thesis outsourcing Internet, which provides a particularly beneficial venue for crowdsourcing since individuals tend to be more open in web-based projects where they are not being physically judged or scrutinized, phd thesis outsourcing, and thus can feel more comfortable sharing.
This approach ultimately allows for well-designed artistic projects because individuals are less conscious, or maybe even less aware, of scrutiny towards their work. In an online atmosphere, more attention can be given to the specific needs of a project, rather than spending as much time in communication with other individuals.
According to a definition by Henk van Ess: [86]. Phd thesis outsourcing examples of successful crowdsourcing themes are problems that bug people, things that make people feel good about themselves, projects that tap into niche knowledge of proud experts, subjects that people find sympathetic or any form of injustice. Crowdsourcing can either take an explicit or an implicit route.
Explicit crowdsourcing lets users work together to evaluate, share, and build different specific tasks, while implicit crowdsourcing means that users solve a problem as a side effect of something else they are doing. With explicit crowdsourcing, users can evaluate particular items like books or webpages, phd thesis outsourcing, or share by posting products or items.
Users can also build artifacts by providing information and editing other people's work. Implicit crowdsourcing can take two forms: standalone and piggyback.
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The topic of her PhD thesis in Digital Marketing and Hospitality (Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris 1 University) is online consumer reviews and hotel responses. She also regularly presents her research in international conferences and congresses on marketing, management, tourism, innovation and information systems. on outsourcing, and on Crowdsourcing is a sourcing model in which individuals or organizations obtain goods or services, including ideas, voting, micro-tasks and finances, from a large, relatively open and often rapidly evolving group of blogger.com of , crowdsourcing typically involves using the internet to attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result Other research investigates the dynamics of globally distributed work teams, the implications of contracting and outsourcing, human-robot interaction in the workplace, and evidence-based management. At the firm-level, research examines how entrepreneurial firms gain financing, build alliance networks, and grow
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