Plant Science graduate program offers advanced study in applied plant biology, with a commitment to development of sustainable managed agroecosystems. Our graduate program offers opportunities for advanced studies in basic and applied research, leading to blogger.com or Ph.D. degrees, in plant production, plant protection, plant biotechnology, plant physiology and biochemistry, and Helpful Definitions Learning Modes. Face-to-Face: Courses typically meet during weekdays on the UW–Madison campus. Evening/weekend: Classes are held outside of regular business hours. Online: Half or more of coursework is completed online. Hybrid: Curricula combine on-campus and online formats. Accelerated: Degrees are completed in a condensed timeframe The Aleuts (/ ə ˈ lj uː t, ˈ æ l. j uː t /; Russian: Алеуты, romanized: Aleuty), who are usually known in the Aleut language by the endonyms Unangan (eastern dialect), Unangas (western dialect), Унаӈан (lit. 'people', singular is Unangax̂), are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands.. Both the Aleut people and the islands are divided between the US state of Alaska and
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Both phd thesis ethnobotany Aleut people and the islands are divided between the US state of Alaska and the Russian administrative division of Kamchatka Krai. Aleut people speak Unangam Tunuu, the Aleut languageas well as English and Russian in the United States and Russia respectively. An estimated people in the United States and five people phd thesis ethnobotany Russia speak Aleut. The Pribilof Islands boast the highest number of active speakers of Unangam Tunuu.
Most native elders speak Aleut, but it is rare for common people to speak the language fluently. Beginning inAleut was written in the Cyrillic script. Fromthe language has been written in the Latin script. An Aleut dictionary and grammar have been published, and portions of the Bible were translated into Aleut. The Aleut Unangan dialects and tribes: [6]. The Aleut people historically lived throughout the Aleutian Islands, the Shumagin Islandsand the far western part of the Alaska Peninsulawith an estimated population of around 25, prior to European contact.
They resettled many Aleut families to the Commander Islands within the Aleutsky District of the Kamchatka Krai in Russia [8] and to the Pribilof Islands in Alaska. These continue to have majority-Aleut communities. According to the Census, phd thesis ethnobotany, 11, people identified as being Aleut, while 17, identified as having partial Aleut ancestry. Prior to sustained European contact, approximately 25, Aleut lived in the archipelago.
In addition, the population suffered as their customary lifestyles phd thesis ethnobotany disrupted. Russian traders and later Europeans married Aleut women and had families with them.
After the arrival of Russian Orthodox missionaries in the late 18th century, phd thesis ethnobotany, many Aleuts became Christian. Of the numerous Russian Orthodox phd thesis ethnobotany in Alaska, most are majority Alaska Native in ethnicity. One of the earliest Christian martyrs in North America was Saint Peter the Aleut.
In the 18th century, Russia promyshlenniki traders established settlements on the islands. There was high demand for the furs that the Aleut provided from hunting. In Maylocal Aleuts revolted on Amchitka against the Russian traders. The Russians had a small trading post there.
According to what Aleut people said, phd thesis ethnobotany, in an account recorded by Japanese castaways and published inotters were decreasing year by year.
The Russians paid the Aleuts less and less in goods in return for the furs they made. The Japanese learned that the Aleuts felt the situation was at crisis. The leading Aleuts negotiated with the Russians, saying they had failed to deliver enough supplies in return for furs. Nezimov, leader of the Russians, ordered two of his men, Stephanov ステッパノ Suteppano and Kazhimov カジモフ Kazimofu to kill his mistress Oniishin オニイシン Oniishinwho was the Aleut chief's daughter, because he doubted that Oniishin had tried phd thesis ethnobotany dissuade her father and other leaders from pushing for more goods.
After the four leaders had been killed, phd thesis ethnobotany, the Aleuts began to move from Amchitka to neighboring islands. Nezimov, leader of the Russian group, was jailed after the whole incident was reported to Russian officials. Into obtain more of the commercially valuable otter pelts, a party of Aleut hunters traveled to the coastal island of San Nicolas phd thesis ethnobotany, near the Alta California-Baja California border.
The locally resident Nicoleño nation sought a payment from the Aleut hunters for the large number of otters being killed in the area. Disagreement arose, turning violent; in the ensuing battle, the Aleut killed nearly all the Nicoleño men. Together with high fatalities from European diseases, the Nicoleños suffered so much from the loss of their men that byphd thesis ethnobotany, only one Nicoleñan remained alive. See Juana MariaThe Lone Woman of San Nicolasalso known as Karana.
In Juneduring World War IIJapanese forces phd thesis ethnobotany Kiska and Attu Islands in the western Aleutians. They later transported captive Attu Islanders to Hokkaidōwhere they were held as prisoners of war in harsh conditions.
Fearing a Japanese attack on other Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska, the U. government evacuated hundreds more Aleuts from the western chain and the Pribilofs, placing them in internment camps in southeast Alaska, where many died of measlesinfluenza and other infectious diseases which spread quickly in the overcrowded dormitories.
In total, about 75 died in American internment and 19 as a result of Japanese occupation, phd thesis ethnobotany. On June 17,the U. Government formally apologized for the internment of the Unangan people and their treatment in phd thesis ethnobotany camps.
The World War II campaign by the United States to retake Attu and Kiska was a significant component of the operations in the American and Pacific theaters.
Before major influence from outside, there were approximately 25, Aleuts on the archipelago. Foreign diseases, harsh treatment and disruption of aboriginal society soon reduced the population to less than one-tenth this number.
The Census count showed 1, Aleuts. In the Census, 11, people identified as being Aleut; nearly 17, said Aleuts were among their ancestors. The Aleut constructed partially underground houses phd thesis ethnobotany barabara. According to Lillie McGarveya 20th century Aleut leader, barabaras keep "occupants dry from the frequent rains, warm at all times, and snugly sheltered from the high winds common to the area". Phd thesis ethnobotany pit was then covered by a roof framed with driftwood, thatched with grass, then covered with earth for phd thesis ethnobotany. The bedrooms were at the back of the lodge, opposite the entrance.
Several families would stay in one house, with their own designated areas. Rather than fireplaces or bonfires in the middle, phd thesis ethnobotany, lanterns were hung in the house.
The Aleut survived by hunting and gathering. They fished for salmon, crabs, shellfish, and cod, as well as hunting sea mammals such as seal, walrusand whales. They processed fish and sea mammals in a variety of ways: dried, smoked, or roasted.
Cariboumuskoxendeer, moosewhale, and other types of game were eaten roasted or preserved for later use. They dried berries. They were also processed as alutiqqutigaqa mixture of berries, fat, and fish. The boiled skin and blubber of a whale is a delicacy, as phd thesis ethnobotany that of walrus.
Today, many Aleut continue to eat customary and locally sourced foods but also buy processed foods from Outsidewhich is expensive in Alaska. Customary arts of the Aleut include weapon-making, building of baidarkas special hunting boatsweavingfigurines, clothing, carving, and mask making. Men as well as women often carved ivory and wood.
Andrew Gronholdt of the Shumagin Islands has played a vital role in reviving the ancient art of building the chagudax or bentwood hunting visors. Aleut women sewed finely stitched, waterproof parkas from seal gut and wove fine baskets from sea-lyme grass Elymus mollis.
Some Aleut women continue to weave ryegrass baskets. Aleut arts are practiced and taught throughout the state of Alaska. As many Aleut have moved out of the islands to other parts of the state, phd thesis ethnobotany, they have phd thesis ethnobotany with them the knowledge of their arts. They have also adopted new materials and methods for their art, including serigraphyphd thesis ethnobotany, video artphd thesis ethnobotany, and installation art. Aleut carving, distinct in each region, has attracted traders for centuries, including early Europeans and other Alaska Natives.
Historically, carving was a male art and leadership attribute whereas today it is done by both genders. Most commonly the carvings of walrus ivory and driftwood originated as part of making hunting weapons. Sculptural carvings depict local animals, such as seals and whales. Aleut sculptors also have carved human figures. The Aleut also carve walrus ivory for other uses, such as jewelry and sewing needles. Jewelry is made with designs specific to the region of each people.
Each clan would have a specific style to signify their origin. Jewelry ornaments were made for piercing lips labrumnose, and ears, as well as for necklaces. Each woman had her own sewing needles, which she made, and that often had detailed end of animal heads. The main Aleut method of basketry was false embroidery overlay.
Strands of grasses or reeds were overlaid upon the basic weaving surface, to obtain a plastic effect. Basketry was an art reserved for women. Today, Aleut weavers continue to produce woven grass pieces of a remarkable cloth-like texture, works of modern art with roots in ancient tradition. Birch bark, puffin feathers, and baleen are also commonly used by the Aleut in basketry. The Aleut term for grass basket is qiigam aygaaxsii, phd thesis ethnobotany. One Aleut leader recognized by the State of Alaska for her work in teaching and reviving Aleut basketry was Anfesia Shapsnikoff.
Her life and accomplishments are portrayed in the book Moments Rightly Placed Masks were created to portray figures of their myths and oral history. The Atka people believed that another people lived in their land before them. They portrayed such ancients in their masks, phd thesis ethnobotany, which show anthropomorphic creatures named in their phd thesis ethnobotany. Knut Bergsland says their word means "like those found in caves.
Feathers were inserted into holes carved out for extra decoration. These masks phd thesis ethnobotany used in ceremonies ranging from dances to praises, each with its own meaning and purpose. The tattoos and piercings of the Aleut people demonstrated accomplishments as well as their religious views.
They believed their body art would please the spirits of the animals and make any evil go away. The body orifices were believed to be pathways for the entry of evil entities.
By piercing their orifices: the nose, the mouth, and ears, they would stop evil entities, phd thesis ethnobotany, khoughkhfrom entering their bodies. Body art also enhanced their beauty, social status, and spiritual authority. Before the 19th century, piercings and tattoos were very common among the Aleut people, especially among women.
Ethnobotany and The Secret Life of Plants
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GET IN TOUCH Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.), India Enquiry No.: +91 Degree Section: +91 Fax No.: +91 Plant Science graduate program offers advanced study in applied plant biology, with a commitment to development of sustainable managed agroecosystems. Our graduate program offers opportunities for advanced studies in basic and applied research, leading to blogger.com or Ph.D. degrees, in plant production, plant protection, plant biotechnology, plant physiology and biochemistry, and Helpful Definitions Learning Modes. Face-to-Face: Courses typically meet during weekdays on the UW–Madison campus. Evening/weekend: Classes are held outside of regular business hours. Online: Half or more of coursework is completed online. Hybrid: Curricula combine on-campus and online formats. Accelerated: Degrees are completed in a condensed timeframe
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