Johor (/ dʒ ə ˈ h ɔːr /; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒoho(r)]), also spelled as Johore, is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay blogger.com has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest. Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east Mar 11, · Researchers have found that biodiversity protection often works best when local communities have a stake. On islands in Papua New Guinea, for Importance of Biodiversity. All these diversities help in maintaining the correct balance of nature. But, gradually over the years, there has been a major loss in the biodiversity across the globe. The loss of biodiversity could adversely affect our environment as the
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Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, biodiversity essays. Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east.
Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government, and Muar serves as the royal town of the state. The old state capital is Johor Lama. As ofthe state's population is 3, Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Rangewhich is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmarwith Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor.
An early Johor-centred kingdom had early contact with Funan based on the exchange of gifts, biodiversity essays. After the demise of the kingdom, much of the Malay coast fell under the jurisdiction of Siam and later Majapahit.
Several decades later, with the emergence of the Malaccan EmpireIslam spread throughout biodiversity essays Malay Archipelago. After the fall of the empire to the Portugueseremnants of the Malaccan royal family moved to a river in the southern Malay Peninsula known to the locals as the Johor River and establishing a new sultanate, which biodiversity essays the Johor Empire.
Their attempts to retake Malacca resulted in a three-way war between Johor, the Portuguese, and Acehanother rising sultanate in northern Sumatra. With the arrival of the Dutch East India Company VOCJohor ended Portuguese rule and restored its own rule to many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, although Malacca continued to be held by foreign powers.
Through an internal dispute within the Johor sultanate and biodiversity essays presence of the East Biodiversity essays Company EIC in the northern Malay Peninsula, Dutch trade changed from being involved in local disputes to rapidly biodiversity essays much of Sumatra and signing the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of with the British to prevent further conflicts with the latter.
Under the treaty, the Malay Archipelago was divided under two spheres biodiversity essays influence; the British gained the entire Malay Peninsula while the Dutch surrendered their Biodiversity essays possession in exchange for British Bencoolen and the rest of Sumatra and other territories such as Java located farther south.
Under British rule, biodiversity essays, priority was given towards education and development and the Johor royal administration itself was reformed under a British-style monarchy, biodiversity essays. The three-year occupation by the Japanese in World War II halted modernisation. After the war, Johor became part of the temporary Malayan Union before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya under certain terms and gaining full independence through the federation, and subsequently Malaysia on 16 September Johor has high diversity in ethnicity, culture and language, biodiversity essays.
The state is known for its traditional dance of zapin and Kuda kepang. The head of state is the Sultan biodiversity essays Johorwhile the head of government is the Menteri Besar. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary systemwith the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is the state religion per the Constitution of Johor, biodiversity essays, but other religions can be freely practised.
Both Malay and English have been accepted as official languages for the state since The economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing.
The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of Siam as Gangganu or Ganggayu Treasury of Gems [14] [15] [16] due to the abundance of gemstones near the Johor River. Another name, through Portuguese writer Manuel Godinho de Erédiamade reference to Marco Polo 's sailing to Ujong Tanah the end of the Malay Peninsula land in Throughout the period, several other names also co-existed such as GalohLenggiu and Wurawari.
Modern Johore Sultanate —; — Unfederated Malay States — Empire of Japan — Malayan Union — Federation of Malaya — A bronze bell estimated to be from A, biodiversity essays. biodiversity essays found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the Muar River. The exact location of the ancient city is still undisclosed, but is said to be within the 14,hectare 34,acre forest reserve where the Lenggiu and Madek Rivers are located, based on records in the Malay Annals that, after conquering Gangga NegaraRaja Suran from Siam of the Nakhon Biodiversity essays Thammarat Kingdom Ligor Kingdom had sailed to Ganggayu.
After the fall of Malacca in to the Portuguesebiodiversity essays Johor Sultanate, biodiversity essays, based on the descendants of the Malaccan Sultanate, was founded by Mahmud 's son, biodiversity essays, Ala'udin Ri'ayat Shah IIin when he moved the royal court to the Johor River and set up his biodiversity essays residence in Johor Lama.
Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and was later destroyed when a large armada from the Portuguese port in Goa came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate. After Aceh was left weakened, the Dutch East India Company VOC arrived and Johor formed an alliance with them to eliminate the Portuguese in the second capture of Malacca in The dynasty of the Malaccan descendants lasted until the death of Mahmud IIwhen it was succeeded by the Bendahara Dynasty, a dynasty of ministers who had previously served in the Malacca Sultanate.
Malacca served as the staging area for the British victory in After the death of Mahmud Shah III, the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers, biodiversity essays. While the elder son Hussein Shah was supported by the Malay community, the younger son Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah was supported by the Bugis community.
Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son, Daeng Ibrahim, biodiversity essays, although his recognition by the British only occurred 14 years later. With the partition of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty ofDaeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.
With the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from Telok Blangah in Singapore. As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, the Temenggong encouraged the migration of Chinese and Javanese to clear the land and develop an agricultural economy in Johor. During his reign, Johor began to be modernised and this was continued by his son, Abu Bakar. Under the reign of Ibrahimthe British appointed Douglas Graham Campbell as an advisor to the sultanate inalthough the sultan only appointed Campbell as a Biodiversity essays Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser.
Since the s, biodiversity essays, Japanese biodiversity essays had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of biodiversity essays resources in Johor as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Following the abolition of the Rubber Lands Restrictions Enactment inGomu Nanyo Company South Seas Rubber Co.
began cultivating rubber in the interior of Johor. On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA 5th and 18th Divisions with around 13, biodiversity essays, troops through the Straits of Johor. Meanwhile, Ōtani Kōzui of the Nishi Hongan-ji sub-sect of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism suggested that the sultan system should be abolished and Japan should rule the Malay kingdoms under a Japanese constitutional monarchy government.
The military organisation demanded the Sultan surrender his power in a manner reminiscent of the way the Tokugawa shogunate surrendered their power to the Japanese emperor in They advocated violence as a method to achieving their outcomes.
This indirectly led to ethnic conflictespecially when ethnic propaganda was being fanned by both sides, leading to the loss of more innocent lives, especially from those who were not involved on either side.
In the biodiversity essays weeks before the British resumed control over Malaya following the Japanese surrender on 16 Augustthe MPAJA emerged as the de facto authority in the Malayan territory, biodiversity essays. Johor and the rest of Malaya was officially placed under the British Military Administration BMA in September and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general, Lai Teck who was also a double agent for the British[63] [76] accepted the return of British colonial biodiversity essays and adopted a moderate "open and legal" struggle for their ideological goals with biodiversity essays members receiving medals from the British the following year.
Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan collaborators against the People's Army continued through the formation of the Malayan Union on 1 April and the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union MDUwhich was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with left-wing Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the Babas under the Straits Chinese British Association SCBAwho were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the Straits Settlements era by remaining under British administration.
Inthe Biodiversity essays Minister of the Biodiversity essays of Malaya Tunku Abdul Biodiversity essays desired to unite Malaya with the British colonies of North BorneoSarawak and Singapore. Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs.
Johor is a constitutional monarchy and was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the system via Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor the Johor State Constitution written by Sultan Abu Bakar in This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the Johor Royal Family who is descended from Abu Bakar.
The current Sultan of Johor is Ibrahim Ismailwho took over the throne on 23 January Other palaces are the Grand Palace which is also located in the state capitalTanjong Palace in MuarSri Biodiversity essays in Kluang and Shooting Box in Segamat. The state government is headed by a Menteri Besarwho is assisted by an member executive council exco selected from the state assembly members.
Therefore, the chief minister is appointed based on his or her ability to command the majority of the state biodiversity essays. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members biodiversity essays the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by universal suffrage. The majority 29 seats are currently held by Perikatan Nasional PN after the Pakatan Harapan government collapse on 28 February.
Johor was a sovereign state from until while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under biodiversity essays control of Britain, biodiversity essays.
Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the amendments biodiversity essays the Constitution of Malaysiadisputes with federal leaders on state and biodiversity essays affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, biodiversity essays, which even led to statements about secession from the Johor Royal Family.
Johor is divided into ten districts daerahmukims and 16 local governments. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain biodiversity essays As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government, biodiversity essays.
The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia states that the Malaysian federal government is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country. The retention of the army was one of the stipulations in which Johor made when it participated in the Federation of Malaya. Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore. The total land area of Johor is nearly 19, square kilometres 7, sq miand it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south biodiversity essays the Straits of Malacca to the west.
Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and hills in the area spreads to the west, east and south. The Endau River, Mersing Riverbiodiversity essays, Sedili Besar River and Sedili Kecil River flow biodiversity essays the South Biodiversity essays Sea in the east.
Its biodiversity essays include the Berangan River, biodiversity essays, Lebak River, biodiversity essays, Lebam River, Panti River, Pengeli Biodiversity essays, Permandi River, Seluyut River, biodiversity essays, Semangar River, Telor River, Tembioh River and Tiram River. Johor is located in a tropical region with an equatorial climate, biodiversity essays.
Both the temperature and humidity are consistently high throughout the year with heavy rainfall. Average monthly temperatures are 26 °C 79 °F to 28 °C 82 °Fwith the lowest recorded during the rainy seasons, biodiversity essays. The state experiences two monsoon seasons, the northeast and southwest seasons; the northeast occurs from November until March while the southeast occurs from May until September, biodiversity essays, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and November.
The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated vertebrates species, comprising mammals, birds and reptiles, along with 2, invertebrates species. Gunung Ledang National Park, biodiversity essays an biodiversity essays of 8, hectares 21, acres in western Johor, was established in Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Biodiversity essays Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail.
Poaching is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the s. Johor GDP Share by Sector []. Johor's economy is mainly based on the tertiary sectornamely services, manufacturing, agriculture, construction etc.
Prior to economic diversification, biodiversity essays, the secondary sector dominated the Johorean economy. The Iskandar Development Region biodiversity essays South Johor Economic Region Iskandar Malaysiaencompassing the city centre of Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri, Kulai District, Pasir Gudang and South Pontian, is a major development zone in the state with an area ofhectares 2, The main agricultural sectors in biodiversity essays state are palm oil plantation, rubber plantations and produce.
Johor is the biggest fruit-producing state in Malaysia, biodiversity essays, with a total fruit plantation area of km 2 sq biodiversity essays and total harvesting area of km 2 sq mi. Approximatelytons of fruit was produced inwith Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of km 2 43 sq mi and 66 km 2 25 sq mirespectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production oftons.
In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of km 2 59 sq mi and a total harvesting area of km 2 55 sq mi. Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km 2 14 sq miand the highest total vegetable production of 60, tons, biodiversity essays. Due to its close proximity to Singapore, known for its financial hubs and international trade centres, the state benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists.
The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and goods between the two sides.
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